Chromium Induced Toxicity Research

Chromium Induced Toxicity Research Unique In the current examination, we estimate that cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative pressure assume a key job in chromium initiated poisonousness in SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cell lines when uncovered for 24 h. Intense harmfulness tests were directed on three fish species to be specific L. calcarifer, E. suratensis and C. catla by presenting them to various focus (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L) of chromium for 96 h under static conditions and the LC50 was determined. The rate cell endurance was surveyed by various endpoints, for example, MTT, NR, AB and CB examines were acted in seven fish cell lines presented to various centralizations of chromium and EC50 estimations of all the four endpoints was determined. Straight relationships between's each in vitro cytotoxicity examine and the in vivo mortality information were exceptionally critical. Infinitesimal assessment of cell morphology demonstrated cell shrinkage, cell separation, vacuolations and cell growing at most noteworthy centralization of chromium (50mg/L). The DNA harm and atomic discontinuity were surveyed by comet measure and Hoechst recoloring, in seven fish lines presented to various convergences of chromium. The aftereffect of cancer prevention agent boundary acquired show essentially diminished catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GSH) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and expanded degree of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in all the cell lines after presentation to expanding chromium in a fixation subordinate way. This outcomes demonstrates that fish cell lines could be utilized as an option in contrast to entire fish utilizing cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative pressure appraisal after introduction to chromium. Catchphrases: Fish cell lines, Chromium, Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, Oxidative pressure 1. Presentation Substantial metal contamination of water is a genuine natural issue confronting the cutting edge world. At worldwide level substantial metals contamination is expanding in the earth because of increment in number of enterprises (Chidambaram et al. 2009). Mechanical effluents are released into the sewage trenches, streams and water system water, causing significant contamination and wellbeing risks (Baddesha and Rao 1986). Numerous modern wastewaters contain overwhelming metals like cadmium, lead, zinc, cobalt and chromium. The harmful substantial metals are for the most part consumed and get collected in different plant parts as free metals which may antagonistically influence the plant development and digestion (Barman and Lal 1994). People and steers are seriously influenced when these metals are joined into natural pecking order as it causes bronchitis and disease (Khasim et al. 1989; McGrath and Smith 1990; Nath et al. 2005). Among substantial metals, chromium assumes a significa nt job in dirtying our amphibian condition framework. In nature chromium happens predominately in two valances Cr (III) and Cr (VI). Hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] prevails over the Cr (III) structure in common waters. Hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] particulates enter the sea-going medium through effluents released from cowhide tanning, materials, chrome electroplating, metal completing the process of, coloring and printing enterprises and a few different ventures. The Cr (VI) infiltrates natural films effectively and causes cell harm by oxidative pressure (Irwin et al. 1997; Begum et al. 2006), its unselective introduction may present genuine impact on amphibian networks including fish. Harmful impacts of Cr(VI) on enzymological/biochemical (Al-Akel and Shamsi 1996; Vutukuru et al. 2007; Oner et al. 2008), hematological (Gautam and Gupta 1989; Al-Akel and Shamsi 1996), immunological (Prabakaran et al. 2007) boundaries, endocrine harmfulness (Mishra and Mohanty 2009) and genotoxicity (Chen et al. 2011) have been accounted for in numerous teleosts angles. In ecological hazard evaluation, a great part of the poisonousness test on fish has included the utilization of lethality as the endpoint. Then again, in vivo bioassay is costly and requires gigantic amount of toxicant. The presentation time is just 24 h as restricted 96 h in bioassay, which could decrease the expense of work, lab offices and test time however more critically permit choices to be made all the more quickly. By the by, poisonousness testing with fish is a basic piece of ecological hazard evaluation techniques (Castano et al. 2003). For every one of these contemplations, the turn of events and utilization of in vitro tests that could gauge beginning times of harmfulness in vertebrates speak to a methodology that could be extremely helpful to checking natural hazard evaluation (Walker 1999). In the course of the most recent four decades, cell and tissue culture techniques have been refined and have now become a basic device in ecological examination. There are a ton of m oral, logical and prudent reasons that help the improvement of in vitro techniques for use in ecotoxicology (Castano and Gomez-Lechon 2005; Bols et al. 2005; Schirmer, 2006; Fent 2007; Taju et al. 2012, 2013, 2014). The utilization of fish cell lines in natural toxicology has been explored and decidedly evaluated principally with respect to cytotoxicity (Babich and Borenfreund 1991; Castano et al. 2003; Fent 2001). Cytotoxicity evaluations can be promptly utilized to look at various endpoints, including estimations of cell demise (apoptosis), cell suitability, cell morphology, cell digestion, cell connection/separation, cell layer porousness, multiplication, development energy, genotoxicity and oxidative pressure (Maracine and Segner 1998; Li and Zhang 2002; Shuilleabhain et al. 2004; Taju et al. 2014). In the current examination, three fish species from three diverse sea-going conditions, Lates calcarifer (Marine), Etroplus suratensis (Brackishwater) and catla (freshwater) were chosen as agents of their separate surroundings to read their appropriateness for intense harmfulness test to assess the expected danger of chromium (Cr). They are fantastic food angles with a decent market request in India, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Pakistan. A few endeavors were made to concentrate in vivo intense poisonousness in Sea bass, Etroplus and Catla utilizing different toxicants (Chezhian et al. 2010; Azmat and Javed 2011, 2012; Bhat et al. 2012; Taju et al. 2012, 2013). The seven fish cell lines to be specific SISK and SISS cell lines got from L. calcarifer (Sahul Hameed et al. 2006; Parameshwaran et al. 2006b), SICH and ICG cell lines got from C. catla (Ishaq Ahmed et al. 2009b; Taju et al. 2014), and IEE, IEK and IEG cell lines got from E. suratensis (Sarath Babu et al. 2012) were utilized as i n vitro examines to assess the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative pressure presented to chromium. The consequences of in vitro cytotoxicity were contrasted and the aftereffects of in vivo intense harmfulness test utilizing fish. The utilization of these cell lines for harmfulness evaluation of chromium as opposed to living fish is suggested. 2. Material and techniques 2.1. Synthetic substances and reagents Tissue culture media and synthetic substances were gotten from GIBCO (Invitrogen Corporation, USA). Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), EDTA, Trichloroacetic corrosive, DTNB [5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)], Thiobarbituric corrosive, Hydrogen peroxide, Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), Riboflavin, Hydroxylamine-HCl, Triton X-100, Ethidium bromide, Methanol, Acetic corrosive, Sodium chloride, Sodium hydroxide and Coomassie Blue was bought from SRL synthetic substances, India. 2.2. Assortment of trial creatures Lates calcarifer and Etroplus suratensis were gathered from Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (CIBA), Chennai. Catla was gathered from a neighborhood lake in Walajapet, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India. The exploratory fishes were 2 3 g in body weight. Examples were shipped live in oxygen sacks or containers to the research center, acclimatized and kept up for 20-30 days in a saltiness scope of 5-10 ppt for E. suratensis, 20-25 ppt for L. calcarifer and in freshwater on account of C. catla (23-28oC) under a surrounding photoperiod in the research facility for 10 days preceding examinations. The fish were taken care of with business pellet feed two times every day and starved for 24 h previously and during the examinations. 2.3. In vivo fish intense poisonousness test Fish intense poisonousness tests were led by uncovering E. suratensis, L. calcarifer and C. catla (N = 10 for every aquarium) for 96 h to chromium under static conditions (OECD 203, 1992). Five distinct fixations chromium i.e., 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L weakened with seawater (5 ppt) and freshwater while control with ocean water and freshwater alone were tried to decide the LC50 (focus at which half of the fish populace kicks the bucket). The aquaria had a working volume of 30 lit dependent on the body weight of fishes (1 g fish/L). Dead fishes were tallied and expelled promptly consistently. All the tests were led in triplicates. Mortalities were recorded after the rule for fish intense poisonousness OECD 203 (1992). 2.4. Fish Cell lines An aggregate of seven cell lines built up from various organs of L. calcarifer (SISS-seabass spleen, SISK-kidney), E. suratensis (IEE Etroplus eye, IEG gill, IEK kidney) and C. catla (SICH Catla heart, ICG gill) were tried for their sensitivities to chromium. These fish cell lines were spread at 28oC in Leibovitzs L-15 medium (pH 7.0 - 7.4) with 2mM L-glutamine, 10% fetal cow-like serum (FBS), penicillin 100 IU/ml and streptomycin 100 Ââ µg/ml. The osmolarity extended from 300 to 360 mOsm kg-1. These cells were sub-refined each 2-3 days utilizing standard system. Cells at exponential development stage were reaped and utilized for in vitro cytotoxicity tests. 2.5. In vitro cytotoxicity measure utilizing fish-determined cell lines SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells at exponential development stage were gathered and weakened to a centralization of 105 cells/ml in Leibovitzs L-15 medium with 10% FBS. After tumult, the cells were added to each well of 96-well tissue culture plates at the centralization of 2 x 104/well and brooded for the time being at 28oC. After hatching, the medium was expelled and the cells were re-taken care of with medium c

Develope a research plan for this topic = Risk factors for Proposal

Develope an arrangement for this theme = Risk factors for Helicobacter pylori Infections among occupants in a Native American settlement - Research Proposal Example Presumptions, Limitations and Delimitations: As the pace of H. pylori seropositivity enlarges with age, 78% of the occupants around 14 years showed seropositivity. Complete follow up of the whole populace is beyond the realm of imagination so the populace is portioned and standard follow up will be kept up in the momentum inquire about. Rundown: Regular follow up is fundamental to show the specific time of getting H. pylori contamination. Noteworthy contrast is seen in the seroprevalence of different ethnic networks, in this manner populace is isolated right from the earliest starting point of the investigation. Reports set up that the predominance of contamination is high in kids so the examination is led for the youngsters underneath 20 years. Future Implications: The outcomes secured from the examination will be factually inspected and will be contrasted and the current discoveries. This is unquestionably going to be a stage to reduce iron lack weakness and anticipation of H. pylori contamination at prior age. Commitment to social change: The examination will help in the avoidance of H. pylori disease at the previous age. It is a push to find the pervasiveness of H. pylori disease in a specific network, in a specific age, beginning of contamination and its connection with the iron lack sickliness. In this way it is a commitment towards the social upliftment of the Alaska people group. Parkinson, A.J., Benjamin, D. G., Bulkow, L., Wainwright, R.B., Swaminathan, B., Khanna, B., Peterson, K.M., Fitzgerald, M. A. (2000). High predominance of Helicobacter pylori in Alaska Native Population and Association with Low Serum Ferritin Levels in Young Adults. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 7(6),

Buffalo

Buffalo Buffalo, city (1990 pop. 328,123), seat of Erie co., W N.Y., on Lake Erie and the Niagara and Buffalo rivers; inc. 1832. With more than 37 mi (60 km) of waterfront, it is a major commercial and industrial port and railroad hub. Buffalo is a diversified manufacturing and financial center, with a large health-care industry. In 1803 a village was laid out on the site by Joseph Ellicott for the Holland Land Company . Almost destroyed by fire (1813) in the War of 1812, it recovered slowly until the opening (1825) of the Erie Canal , after which it became a major Great Lakes port. The city developed as a flour-milling center and later thrived on steel milling, automobile and locomotive manufacturing, and other heavy industries. These all fell into decline, however, and by the 1980s Buffalo had lost its traditional economic base. The area has since benefited from the free trade agreement (1988) between the United States and Canada, attracting Canadian investment in real estate and manuf acturing, but the city's population has continued the decline that began after World War II. By 2003 the decline led to a city financial crisis, and the state established an oversight authority to restore the city to fiscal health. Buffalo's educational institutions include the State Univ. of New York (the city's largest employer), with campuses at Buffalo and suburban Amherst; Canisius College; and D'Youville College. The Albright-Knox Art Gallery and Buffalo Museum of Science are well known. Notable buildings include the city hall (1932) and the Guaranty Building (1895â€"96; formerly the Prudential Building), designed by Louis Sullivan . Buffalo has a music hall and a philharmonic orchestra and a noted park system created by F. L. Olmsted . The city is home to the National Hockey League's Sabres, and the National Football League's Buffalo Bills play in nearby Orchard Park. The Peace Bridge (1927) connects Buffalo with Fort Erie, Ont. Grover Cleveland became mayor of Buffal o in 1882. Here in 1901, at the Pan-American Exposition, President McKinley was assassinated; Theodore Roosevelt took the presidential oath in Buffalo. The McKinley monument and the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site (see National Parks and Monuments (table)) commemorate the two events. Millard Fillmore 's home was in Buffalo. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Argumentative Essay on Gay marriage - 672 Words

â€Å"Gay People can’t do this. Women shouldn’t be able to that. But touch my semiautomatic rifle and you’re attacking my rights.†- Remi Kanazi Why should someones rights to marry be based on a person religious beliefs or their own opinion on family values. Gay Marriage: If they like they should be able to put a ring on it. Same sex couples should be allowed to publicly celebrate their relationship in the same way as heterosexual couples. The Human Rights Campaign Foundation states that many same sex couples want the right to legally marry and honor their relationship in the greatest way our society has to offer.... Also same couples should have access to the same benefits enjoyed by heterosexual married couples. Many benefits are only†¦show more content†¦A study published on Apr. 13, 2009 in Social Science Quarterly found that laws permitting same sex marriage or civil unions have no adverse effect on marriage, divorce, and abortion rates, or even the percent of children born out of wedlock. And also gay marriage legalization is correlated with lower divorce rates, while the ban on gay marriages are correlated with higher divorce rates. Studies shown that Massachusetts, which became the first state to legalize gay marriage in 2004, had the lowest divorce rate in the country in 2008. Its divor ce rate declined 21% between 2003 and 2008. Alaska, which altered its constitution to prohibit gay marriage in 1998, saw a 17.2% increase in its divorce rate. The seven states with the highest divorce rates between 2003 and 2008 all had constitutional prohibitions to gay marriage. If the reason for marriage is strictly reproduction, infertile couples would not be allowed to marry. Ability to create offspring has never been a qualification for marriage. George Washington, often referred to as the Father of Our Country,† did not have children with his wife Martha Custis. Also there are plenty of children in foster homes waiting to be adopted by couples it should not matter if they couple is gay. As long as the couple is financially sound and has a good household environment there should be no problem with adopting kids. It shouldn’t matter if a child has 2 mothers or 2 fathers a familyShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay on Gay Marriage842 Words   |  3 PagesKing Grammar and Composition lesson 75 Argumentative Essay on Gay Marriage Marriage is the ceremonial binding of two people, male and female, into one couple. Historically, marriage has been the institution when a man and a woman join together with the promise of love, devotion, to always stay together, to be there for each other, to take care of one another and to start a family together. 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In the 20th and 21st centuries variousRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Gay Marriage1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Gay Marriage LP 3: Argumentative Essay Patty Waters NAU Composition II Sue Cochran, Instructor Sunday, March 24, 2013 Abstract This essay covers the pros and cons concerning gay marriage. You will discover some new laws and amendments that are about to happen in our country, and some things that people are against. There are many issues that will be covered from rights and benefits to getting married legally. You will read reports, stories and articles from lawyersRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized?1313 Words   |  6 PagesShould gay marriage be legalized? Marriage is considered to be the rite of passage from an religious point of view, it is considered as holy matrimony before the eyes of God. Attraction between individuals of the same sex has been a topic of debate. However, over the past few years gay individuals made a decision to our grievances of oppression despite receiving tremendous critics from the public. Initially, gay marriages wereRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legalized1379 Words   |  6 PagesName: Tutor: Course: Date: Gay Marriages Marriage is considered as hypothetically speaking, a rite of passage whilst from the religious point of view, it is considered as holy matrimony before a supreme being. Attraction between individuals of the same sex has been a topic of debate since time immemorial. However, over the past few years gay individuals have opted to air grievances of oppression despite receiving tremendous critics from the public. Initially, gay marriages were unfathomable eventsRead MoreA Brief Note On Sociological Factors On Clients1666 Words   |  7 PagesSERVICES ASSESSMENT A – ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY ~ Australia’s social inclusion policy and its failure to support all minorities, specifically same-sex couples King (cited in Australian Marriage Equality, 2015) stated â€Å"When any society says that I cannot marry a certain person, that society has cut off a segment of my freedom†. This quote from Martin Luther King Jr is as applicable today to legalising same-sex marriage as it was to the civil rights movement and inter-racial marriage over half a centuryRead MoreWhy Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legal Everywhere1415 Words   |  6 PagesJuly 2015 Why Same Sex Marriage Should be Legal Everywhere If two people are happy with one another, they should be allowed to be together. Someone’s sex does not determine whom they can and cannot marry. 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Problems And Challenges Of Poverty - 1595 Words

PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES OF POVERTY IN SASKATCHEWAN Literally, poverty is a condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support; condition of being poor1. It is a multi-faceted issue that include problems regarding income, cost-of-living, health and social cohesion1. Poverty affects multiple group of persons in the society and no one is immune to its consequences. Overtime, there has been a strong association between poverty and many health conditions such as chronic diseases (diabetes, heart disease), injuries, stress, anxiety, depression, and untimely deaths2. In Saskatchewan, poverty still remains a menace despite the provincial economic growth over the years. This improvement in the economy of the province has not been†¦show more content†¦The poverty rate among single mothers was 36.8% in 20106 while people with disabilities faces 53% higher unemployment rates than people without disabilities7. Poverty cost the government of Saskatchewan $3.8 billion in heightened service use and missed opportunities in 20108. It also resulted in more spending on the criminal justice system. This spending was increased by $50 to $120 million a year compared to the previous year9. Poverty in Saskatchewan is a socio-economic problem resulting from sustained low levels of income for vulnerable residents of the province and lack of access to services like safe and affordable housing, education and health care. PUBLIC HEALTH CONCEPTS UNDERLYING POVERTY IN SASKATCHEWAN There are various public health concepts underlying poverty in Saskatchewan and they include inequality, social exclusion, education, unemployment and income income distribution. All these concepts work together to reduce opportunities, limit choices, undermine hope, and, as a result, threaten health2. Poverty and inequality are two separate entities, however inequality can feed widespread poverty by hindering vulnerable individuals with lower socio-economic status from accessing the tools and resources needed to support themselves in the society. Since 2000, there has been an increasing huge income disparity in Saskatchewan hence, resulting in a wide gap between the richest and poorest families3. Poor education especially in northern Saskatchewan often

The s Theory Of The Tripartite Soul And Sigmund Freud s...

Moral Compass Navigation helps individuals arrive to a given destination, but the human life also requires of such navigation. Some individuals unconsciously seek directions when challenged with a given issue and know which way to steer because of their moral compass. Furthermore, the moral compass is the soul that guides the personal self, but it is also the non-material aspect of a human being that is immortal. Although, the soul’s existence is in question, there is evidence that validates that the soul is real. Such evidence includes Plato’s theory of the tripartite soul and Sigmund Freud’s psychodynamic theory, which reevaluates Plato’s theory. Both theories address that the soul’s existence is the personality of a human being. On the other hand, many critics claim that the soul does not exist since it is beyond our knowledge; therefore we cannot demonstrate such existence. Hume a philosopher during the Enlightenment affirms this claim under the branch of empiricism, which states that true knowledge, arises from our five senses: touch, smell, sight, taste, and hearing. Therefore, to determine if something exists at least one or all of the senses have to be applied since the material aspects of something demonstrates its existence. Moreover, the reasoning behind empiricism is an addition to Hume’s theory of sense perception. The theory is composed of two elements, which are impressions and ideas. Impressions are immediate sensations or perceptions such as touch or

Steppingstone free essay sample

The summer before freshman year was a difficult one as I watched friends plan for their first days at a new school, knowing I wouldnt be joining them. They had been allowed to choose their high school and decided on one that was close by and full of average kids like me. More than half our eighth-grade class would attend there. My choice, on the other hand, had been made for me, and I was not very pleased about it. The school my parents had chosen was in the richer section of town, and we were definitely not rich. I was incredibly nervous, but decided to make the best of it and prove that I could be one of them. My best friend and I spent the entire month of August shopping for appropriate high-school attire. I wanted to shed my signature tomboy look and go for something a little more adult. We will write a custom essay sample on Steppingstone or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I concentrated on buying black and khaki pants rather than sweat pants and jeans. I traded T-shirts for collared shirts and hoodies for sweaters. I gathered fashion tips from my older sister, who already went to my school, and though I couldnt afford brand names I found some great knock-offs at killer prices. My best friend tried to make me feel better (as best friends do) by reminding me I was making a fresh start with new people who couldnt be that bad. After all, I would be spending the next four years of my life there. As the first day approached, I was ready to make a good first impression. Waking up had never been so hard as when my alarm went off that first morning. I hopped in the shower, straightened my hair, and put on one of my new outfits. Looking in the mirror, I saw a woman. I was no longer a little middle-school girl but a high-school freshman. I emerged from my room and practiced walking in my new boots. I wanted to approach school with confidence, not fear. I looked at the clock 6:45, time to go. I picked up my book bag and, with one last glance in the mirror, braced myself for the day. Whatever confidence I had began slipping away as my bus struggled toward the school. Lines of BMWs, Lexuses and Mercedes glided out of the parking lot as my bus putt-putted in. I looked at the kids all in groups, hugging and giggling, so comfortable and carefree. Stepping off the bus, I searched desperately for a familiar face. At a school where brand names will make or break you, they smelled my knock-offs as soon as my feet touched the ground. Had it been only an hour before that I had looked at myself with pride? I flushed with embarrassment as I made the long walk to the auditorium. I only wanted to be accepted, not known as the girl from the ghetto who tried to fit in, but the looks I got let me know I was now indeed that girl. Inside the auditorium was even worse than the parking lot. Many of the girls wore dresses and some of the guys were wearing ties! I felt put in my place as I sat alone during the orientation. I remember thinking I would never survive that year, let alone four. I made a whopping total of four friends that year, and none of us were rich. I thought of myself as a dork, and I know most of the other kids did, too. I did my work since I didnt have anyone to talk to and I didnt eat lunch because I rarely had anyone to sit with. I tried to talk with kids and join their conversations, but even when they were nice enough to let me listen, I still didnt fit. They all had a certain air, and talked to me as if I were inferior, which drove me crazy. I was pretty depressed that year, and baffled: what had I done wrong? Because my parents didnt make as much money as theirs, did that mean I wasnt good enough? It made no sense. Why should money determine how we judge one another? It took me almost half of freshman year to realize there was nothing wrong with me. And even though I spent most of the time eating lunch alone and sitting alone during class, it didnt bother me as much. I may have had only four friends and lived in the ghetto, but really I was one of the richest people in school. I had a strong head on my shoulders, I knew where I was going, and I knew what I had to do to get there. I had one of the highest GPAs Id ever gotten and discovered a lot about myself. High school is an important steppingstone, and my future will include college not a fashion show. As for my friends? Theyre real. Everyone in that school talked about each other, and when they judged each other materialistically, they only cheated themselves. Money doesnt determine your worth and your self-worth isnt determined by others: it is determined by you. I did end up changing schools, be-cause I needed a more positive environment, but I honestly feel I am a better person because of that year. It takes some people all of high school to figure out who they really are, but it only took me half a year. Now I am a senior at the high school I originally wanted to attend, and have met some really great people. But, no matter what, I know who I am and where I am going. No one can take that away.

Stress Essays (1167 words) - Stress, Behavior, Psychology

Stress I have chosen the topic of stress and coping for my psychology reflection paper. This course provided in-depth information on stress, coping with stress, and the favorable or unfavorable aspects that stress has on our psychological makeup. It also clearly defines the psychological factors that create social dysfunctions, the methods of psychological research, and treatment theories that assist us with stress-related coping. I discovered that psychophysiological disorders are in fact physical disorders, in which our emotions are believed to play a central role. The stress factors that people routinely face lead to disorders on both a mental and physical basis. A common misconception, shared by me prior to completing this course, was that people who suffer from psychophysiological disorders are not really sick. I now realize that psychological disturbances such as stress can easily impact on the human anatomy in the same manner as any disease. A good example would be a peptic ulcer that has been caused by stress. This ulcer is indistinguishable from an ulcer that may have been caused by an overuse of medication. This course effectively discussed the effects that stress has on our health, productivity, budget, and lives. I learned that a degree of stress is necessary; even desirable. It excites or challenges us to achieve better results. Experiencing events such as the birth of a child, completion of a major project at work, or moving to a new city, can generate as much stress as any tragedy or disaster. But without it, life would be dull. Through this course I have found that stress reducers help individuals regain a sense of control and equilibrium. Some stress reducing strategies may relieve the immediate stress symptoms but others may require developing new behavior patterns to cope with the stresses of life. Some of these strategies include: 1. Relaxing - Close your eyes and breathe for 10 minutes. Think of relaxing places and blot all else out. 2. Exercising - Relaxed muscles make relaxed nerves. Take a brisk walk at lunch or choose some other exercise that is comfortable and realistic. 3. Eating Right - Develop eating habits that fit your situation but limit fat, sugar and salt. 4. Talking to a Friend - Find someone who won't butt in and give advice. Find someone who listens. 5. Not Relying on Alcohol or Drugs Moderation of some substances may be fine but if used to avoid problems, they may lead to abuse or addiction. 6. Confronting the Situation - Often, to avoid dealing with something is more stressful than addressing it directly. 7. Prioritizing Your Responsibilities Decide what is more important. You don't have to do everything. 8. Doing Something for Yourself - Listen to music; go shopping; read a book. Choose something you enjoy. 9. Seeking Professional Help - If nothing seems to work, allow a professional counselor to assist you in getting "unstuck". The subject of stress has become a favorite topic in everyday conversation. It`s not unusual to hear my friends, coworkers, and family members talk about the difficulty they have with managing the stress of everyday living. We talk about being burned out, overwhelmed and "losing it." We also talk about our efforts to control the events that cause stress. Most of us understand the results of not controlling our reactions to stress. But we are generally unaware of the many other emotional, cognitive and physical consequences associated with unmanaged stress. We learn to interpret our experiences very early in life. We learn from our parents, our teachers, and our peers. Those of us who have children know that they are natural mimics. I constantly see my kids imitate and assimilate the behavior they see. A good example of interpretation would be a thirteen-year-old who wants to understand her developing sexuality. Her mother says, Ask your teacher. Her teacher says, Ask your minister. Her minister says, Ask your mother. From this conspiracy of silence she learns to assign a meaning to sex and sexuality: It`s something too awful to discuss. Parents and teachers aren`t the only ones who train perceptions. We learn to assign meanings from the very culture we live in ethnic groups, neighborhoods, colleagues, churches, geographic locations, and friends. In addition, television, books, movies, billboards, newspapers and magazines are powerful influences on the way we view the world. I think one of the most intriguing things about this topic is that stress will always be a constant in our daily life. As we move towards the millennium, there will be increasing competition in most areas of business and industry.

Weber Carl Maria Von essays

Weber Carl Maria Von essays Carl Maria von Weber, a cousin of Mozart's wife Constanze, was trained as a musician from his childhood, the son of a versatile musician who had founded his own travelling theatre company. He made a favourable impression as a pianist and then as a music director, notably in the opera-houses of Prague and Dresden. Here he introduced various reforms and was a pioneer of the craft of conducting without the use of violin or keyboard instrument. As a composer he won a lasting reputation with the first important Romantic German opera, Der Freischtz. The opera Der Freischtz (The Marksman), first staged in Berlin in 1821, blends many of the ingredients typical of German Romanticism, simple peasant virtues mingling with the magic and latent evil of the forest, where the hero's magic bullets are forged at midnight. The grand heroic-Romantic opera Euryanthe is better known for its overture as is the opera Oberon, written for London in 1826. Weber's two concertos and the concertino for clarinet were written for the clarinettist Heinrich Baermann. Weber also wrote two piano concertos and a Konzertstck for piano and orchestra for his own use, as well as a useful Horn Concertino and Bassoon Concerto. His Aufforderung zum Tanze (Invitation to the Dance) is well known in an orchestral version of a work originally written for piano. Recommended Recordings Clarinet Concertos Nos. 1 Dances and Marches from Die Drei Pintos, Turandot Weber's chamber music includes a Clarinet Quintet and a Grand Duo Concertant for clarinet and piano, successors to the concertos and concertino for Baermann. Recommended Recording ...

Data collection methods in conducting research of 'Implementation of Essay

Data collection methods in conducting research of 'Implementation of ERP in public sector in Oman - Essay Example A survey in the contemporary environment in which technology identifies modernism therefore identifies suitability of the data collection approach for the proposed study. In addition, management of public sector is centralized with regional headquarters in areas that are considered urban centers. This therefore means that reasonable sample size can be recruited from Oman’s urban centers for implementing the study on the public sector’s application of enterprise resource planning. Implementing the data collection method will involve allocation of research assistants to districts, each research assistant per district. The research assistant will then conduct interview with regional administrators, at their respective districts. The interviews will further target each office in the public sector, such as educational office, health office, agricultural office, among other administrative offices that exist in the assistants’ respective districts. One of the reasons for selection of telephone interviews for data collection is its suitability for the scope of the study that target offices at districts’ major centers in Oman. Consequently, the method will be feasible because of availability of necessary communication facilities. Advantages that the data collection instrument has also support its choice for application in the study. A telephone interview is more flexible that other data collection methods such as mailed questionnaires that may be restricted by schedules and reliability levels of mailing agencies. The flexibility also ensures a mutual time that conveniences both the researcher and the research participants. This further has the advantages of a facilitated response rate and quality of responses because research participants will be more ready and willing to participate in a study that does not inconvenience them. Telephone interview is also

Women, Violence and Mental Illness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Women, Violence and Mental Illness - Essay Example The continued exclusion of women as equal to women has become one of the primary factors that have contributed to women’s experience of violence in the home (Sokoloff and Dupont, 2005). Although there is already a rising awareness of violence against women, fact remains that almost a 12.9 million of women have experienced domestic violence in UK (Walby and Allen, 2004). In addition, 44% of victim of domestic violence are involved in more than just one (Dodd et al, 2004) and that women are assaulted by men they know (Walby and Allen, 2004). These data only represent the reported violence committed against women. It is assumed there are still more cases left undocumented because violence is generally perceived as underreported (Flink, Paavilainen, and stedt-Kurki, 2005). In this scenario, the continued experience of violence against women is an attestation of the unremitting struggle of women for inclusion in the public sphere (e.g. Jaggar & Young 2000; Tong 2000). In this conte xt, this study will attempt to address the issue of how socio-political factors influence mental health. Several identified socio-political factors affect mental health.... Intimate partner violence includes physical and sexual violence, threats of violence and psychological and emotional abuse. The perpetrator may be a current or former spouse, boyfriend/girlfriend, or dating partner (Watts and Zimmerman, 2002). Numerous studies have shown that women abused by partners or by other perpetrators are more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, headache, gynaecological and sexual problems, PTSD, eating and digestive disorders, infections, musculoskeletal disorders, and chronic pain; they are more likely to attempt suicide, to abuse alcohol and legal and illegal drugs (Campbell, 2002; Koss et al., 2003; Krug et al., 2002). Battered women or women suffering from violence are also women subjected to psychological illness or distress. In this situation, women become the â€Å"embodiment of a â€Å"problem† which must be resolved or eliminated† (Tremain, 2008, p 102). Gender as a factor that affects mental illness increases the stigma of menta l illness, widens, and deepens the experience of discrimination and injustice, if it is experience by a woman. As such, women become more isolated and left voiceless because socio-political factors have become the instruments that perpetuate her continued oppression and dehumanisation as she suffers from. It is a triple burden that women carry alone and in isolation for, they have become â€Å"the deviant Other which in turn eliminates the possibility of mutuality (Stocker, 2001, p 49). The Woman’s Voiceless Call The life of a woman is permeated by concerns associated with psychiatric disorders, from her menstruation, through her pregnancy, in her post-partum period until her menopause (Kornstein and Clayton 2002). Prejudice and stereotyping are typically associated and created base on the gender

The Poverty Stricken People Of Canada Social Work Essay

The Poverty Stricken People Of Canada Social Work Essay One of the first microsystem causes of poverty would be if an individual came from an impoverished family. This is a predisposing factor that an individual is likely to become impoverished themselves, if their family of origin was poor as well. More than half the children in the United States living in poverty grew up to be impoverished, while 1 in 4 grew up to have a low socio-economic status and 1 in 3 in Canada (Corak, 2006). Also, according to the text Social Inequality: Patterns and Processes 4th ed., by Martin Mager, low parental income, may result in poorer quality education, continuing the cycle by making it difficult to find an adequate job due to lack of education. That lack of education becomes a perpetuating factor, which maintains the cycle (Mager, 2008). Another cause of poverty in some cases may be divorce or single parenthood. This would be a precipitating cause because together a couple on two incomes may be able to support a child, however, divided they may not have the income to provide as they did previously. According to a study done in Ottawa, children in single parent homes are more likely to become impoverished, especially when there was more than one child living in the home (Fleury, 2008). In many situations, one parent may have stayed at home to care for children and the household, while the other worked, meaning that parent would be dependent on the other parent. If a divorce takes place, the dependent parent no longer has the other parent to support them, and they may not have employment, making it very easy for them to fall into poverty. Yet another cause of poverty is addiction, which can be both a precipitating and a perpetuating cause. Addictions can often lead to loss of employment and misuse of finances which can bring on and perpetuate the issue of poverty. Lawrence M. Mead says although poverty is not an addiction, it is often caused by and causes addiction. Addiction has a definite trickle effect on poverty. If one has an addiction, for example, to a drug, it becomes the most important thing in their life, all their money goes to purchasing the drug, all their time is devoted to scoring and doing drugs, which means, they may not go to school or work, or their behaviour causes them to be dismissed, meaning they have no means for an income. The addicts income would go towards drugs, and not other needs, or they would not have an income at all, leaving them in poverty. Lastly, a cause of poverty is often debt and poor debt management. It is possible to live with some debt and not have to live in poverty, however if debt is not managed properly and becomes more than one is capable of dealing with, it can lead to poverty. Four million Americans would fall below the federal poverty line if the interest they pay on their credit cards and other consumer debts were subtracted from their incomes says a San Francisco Chronicle article. These people are called the debt poor (Abate, 2009). These people, although they may not look like the stereotypical poor, they technically do not have the means to obtain the necessities of life and, at some point are faced with bankruptcy and the loss of their home. Microsystem Consequences A microsystem consequence of poverty is low self-esteem. It is obvious children living in poverty have trouble buying the latest trends, their parents may not drive the nicest car or drive a car at all, maybe they do not have a washer and dryer and so sometimes they have to go without clean clothes for a period. Their parents cannot afford to put them in music lessons or sign them up for sports teams. Some children, who are resilient would not let this stop them from being confident, however, not all children understand that they are not on a level playing field, so to speak and believe that it is a weakness in themselves and not inequity within the system and feel that their personal worth is directly related to their financial worth. A child with the tools to succeed is more likely to succeed and if they succeed, they become more confident, making them more likely to take more risks, with a likelihood of succeeding again and increasing their confidence more. In some cases, children in poverty lack those tools, or have to work harder for them, meaning they do not succeed as often, decreasing their self-esteem (Eric J. Marsh, 2010). Bullying is another consequence of poverty that often goes along with low self-esteem. Children in poverty are often bullied. According to a study done in the UK, low-income children are often the target of bullying in wealthier areas, because of their socio-economic status (Branigan, 2007). One in 13 children in an international study of 35 countries and more than 162 000 children reported bullying due to their socio-economic status. The inequity among adolescents from low socio-economic backgrounds puts them at a greater risk for bullying. Teens that are from schools and living in countries where there is a bigger gap between socio-economic groups are at higher risk of being bullied. Poverty also has a huge impact on childrens physical development. One in ten Canadians is affected by food insecurity which has a correlation to poor health (Kirkpatrick, 2008). Without proper diet, children will lack the nutrients they need to develop optimally, and may even become over or under weight. Studies show children with a balanced diet are sick less often than children with poor nutrition (Kirkpatrick, 2008). Families may not be able to afford medical expenses or treatments that would prevent their child from illness or lessen the effects of an illness or injury, causing impairment. Also, parents in low-income homes may find it more difficult to afford necessary repairs in the household that would ensure their childs safety. Pregnant mothers living in poverty also pose a risk, if they are not able to afford adequate prenatal care. Poverty has an impact on mental health, as well. Children from low socio-economic backgrounds were more than twice as likely to suffer from anxiety and depression as their counterparts from better socio-economic statuses (Mark Lemstra, 2008). Children from low-income families, not only have the normal stress a child would have, many impoverished children are aware of their families hardships and have developed anxiety about bills and debts and food security, and feelings of hopelessness about their situations and lack positive feelings of self-worth. Besides affecting physical and mental health, social development is also a consequence of poverty. Poverty has an impact on the development of social skills in children. Children living in poverty often have poorer language skills and less developed coping skills, which in turn impacts the quality of their relationships with peers (Lisa Fiorentino, 2004). Children living in poverty also have less opportunity for social interaction due to the fact they are not able to afford to be part of extra-curricular groups that help develop social skills and encourage peer relationships. Without the money to afford the same social opportunities children in low-income homes are not able to develop social skills as easily, so poverty is a definite impact on social development. Cognitive impairment has also been cited as a consequence of poverty. According to research, children who are malnourished will suffer cognitive deficiencies and children living in poverty are more likely to be malnourished than those who are middle class or affluent. Also, children who are poor are less equipped to explore their environment meaning they are not receiving the same mental stimulation or their environment is less stimulating (Brown, 1996). Parents are also less able to afford to put their children in activities or purchase things like books and computers that would help stimulated cognitive development. Thus, there are various reasons why poverty has an influence on cognitive development including malnutrition, and lack of opportunity for mental stimulation. Another unfortunate consequence of poverty is abuse and neglect. According to research from the NSPCC: women from poor childhood homes were twice as likely to have suffered abuse or neglect (77 per cent versus 38 per cent), and the association was even more striking with multiple forms of abuse, with a three-fold increase: 45 per cent of those from poor childhood homes had experienced more than one form of abuse compared with 15 per cent who had experienced no poverty. (NSPCC, 2008) Poverty can put a lot of stress and strain on families making parents more susceptible to becoming perpetrators and children more vulnerable and likely to be victimized. Lack of resources also makes it more difficult to provide children with their basic needs, which does not always constitute an allegation of neglect, however, if the parent is using child welfare tax and child support for personal use and not to provide for the child it is neglect. Poverty can also impact ones personal values and beliefs. Childrens values and beliefs are affected by their socio-economic status. From personal experience, being very poor growing up, I had a certain paradigm. I believed that wealthy people were the enemy and that they did not value me because I was poor. I also did not value education very much because I did not believe I would have the opportunity to go to college or university, because my parents could not afford to help me pay for it. I learned not to value money and do with less. Family was important to me, since I spent so much time at home, due to the fact I could not afford to be in any lessons or on sports teams. It is obvious a child from a poor home compared to a family from a wealthy home would have a very different outlook on life. Mesosystem Causes Lack of resources is a precipitating cause of poverty. There is a lack of affordable housing and lack of services available to combat poverty and to assist those in poverty, especially for new immigrants coming to Canada. There are not enough services available to help new Canadians adjust, to help them upgrade education, to find jobs and affordable homes and to learn the language so they can succeed at their job and at school. In some more rural areas there is no ESL program offered. Also, the complicated forms and waitlists mean people in need of poverty relief may not get help for months (Canadian Council on Social Development, 2010). Loss of employment is a precipitating cause of poverty, as well. Loss of a job sometimes not only means loss of financial support from an employer, it also means loss of insurance. Meaning medical and dental care, house repair, car repair are not covered, so families do without or are put further in debt by having to pay for medical or repair bills. If a family has no income it is difficult to provide necessities for ones family, and if the low-income cut-off is more than 50% of income is spent on necessities, than anyone who is unemployed or whose spouse is unemployed will likely fit that criteria (Statistics Canada, 2010). Mesosystem consequences A microsystem consequence of poverty was child abuse and neglect, so it is evident then, that on a mesosystem level there is a consequence which affects Childrens Aid Societies. CAS woks with families to help get them on track and get support that they may not otherwise be able to afford for their child. According to OACAS, many of the children using their services are living in poverty (Laurie Monseebaaten, 2008). Poverty is a blanket problem which is the cause and consequence of many of the things CAS deals with on a regular basis, often times to deal with these other problems they provide families with services that deal with poverty. Another big consequence of poverty is that it affects the childs school experience. In some cases children go to school in a poorer neighbourhood and so their peers are poor, but quite often poor children go to schools where there is socio-economic inequality. This, in some cases affects them more as it makes the children more reluctant to accept help financially to pay for field trips or sports teams. They lose out on learning opportunities because of their poverty. They also have a more difficult time succeeding in school because they may not have access to computers or books necessary to help them learn and complete school work, and because they may have jobs outside of school to help them combat the poverty, leaving them less time for their school work (Sands, 2007). Poverty is a big barrier to health care, even in Canada. Although initial healthcare is free. The cost of medication, eye care and dental care is still too expensive for some people to afford. For example, there is a treatment for AIDS however, it is too expensive for individuals to buy, but the pharmaceutical companies will not distribute it for free or at a lesser cost because they do not wish to lose profit (UNFPA, 2009). Because dental care, eye care and medication are for the most part, not every day needs, most people living in poverty go without it. Another consequence of poverty is that churches are involved in poverty relief around the world. Religious groups are the number one source of charitable funds donated in Canada and advocates for the poor according to the World Council of Churches (World Council of Churches, 2011). Churches are very involved locally and internationally with the fight against poverty, they work on all levels of prevention, primary, secondary and tertiary. They support the development of micro businesses for women in Indian as a primary prevention, they work with Canadian Food Grains Bank to distribute food as a secondary prevention and they work in soup kitchens and assist people locally who come into get support as a tertiary prevention. (McLennan, 2011). A consequence of poverty is the inability to afford to put children into extracurricular activities and segregation in extracurricular activities. This has consequences in itself, but in general, the high cost of music and dance lessons and sports teams means that children are not able to participate, or are segregated to specific activities that are more affordable. Recently, there has been offered a tax break for parents of children on sports teams, which has alleviated some of the stress put on parents to allow their children to participate, however, some parents still struggle to put their children in activities, some of which are difficult to get to if parents do not have reliable transportation. Having children in extracurricular activities is also a primary preventative measure for preventing children from getting involved in crime, so parents in poverty who cannot afford to put their children in sports or pay for some kind of art lessons may also have to suffer another consequence of poverty, which is having their children involved in crime. Crime is another consequence of poverty for a number of reasons. Families may steal food to supplement what little they have, children and youth may steal things they want that they cannot afford, parents and children may get involved with dealing drugs or fraud to supplement their income. A study done in the U.S. also shows that the law is more lenient to affluent offenders giving them little or no jail time compared to poorer offenders (Reiman, 1995). Another consequence of poverty is that families are segregated to specific neighbourhoods and attend specific schools depending on their income. Rarely when low-income housing is built is it just one house in a relatively affluent neighbourhood, most low income housing is built in blocks; townhouses or apartments and there is often more than one in a neighbourhood. Thus, that particular neighbourhood is stigmatized as being the poor neighbourhood. Peers are all from similar socio-economic backgrounds, schools in the neighbourhood are often overwhelmingly populated by low-income children (Fleury, 2008). Exosystem Causes A perpetuating cause of poverty is lack of government funding for poverty relief. For people already living in poverty if they cannot get sufficient assistance to help them out of poverty, it means they remain there longer. Any social assistance one may receive is barely enough to live on so these people are still only making ends meet. Without the opportunity to save some money people will continue living paycheque to paycheque and if there is an emergency it may put more financial strain on them, because they did not have enough to live on to begin with and they are put into debt. Another perpetuating cause of poverty among immigrants in Canada is the transportation loans. Refugee families come to Canada, hoping for a better life, the Canadian government is kind enough to loan them money for travel expenses, which are very costly. However, they are expected to pay this loan back within a very brief window of time, keeping in mind that what little money they came with has been put towards finding a place to live and they may not even have a job yet (Canadian Council for Refugees, 2010). Unfortunately, this is of little concern to the government, so these people must struggle both with being able to support themselves in a new country and with paying back debt, perpetuating their poverty. Next, the cost of living in Canada has a great impact on poverty and is a precipitating consequence. This is a cause more often attributed to developed countries. The average cost of rent in Toronto is between $775 and $895 for a 1 bedroom apartment, the cost of groceries for a month is approximately $100 a month and the cost of telephone services is about $23 a month (Fast Facts, 2006). With just those expenses, the cost of living for a month can be more than $1000, however, a person employed full-time (40 hrs/wk) at minimum wage ($10.25) makes less than twice that, meaning significantly more than half of their income goes towards necessities of life. Finally, a perpetuating cause for poverty among children is the discrepancy in the Low-Income Cut-off with regards to what necessities are. It observes the need for clothing, shelter and food; however, it does not take into account a childs need for social and emotional development and scholastic success, which may come from appropriate childcare, participation in extracurricular activities and the purchase of school supplies. Without these things it is much more difficult to succeed in school and life, meaning less stable employment, which in turn results in continuing the cycle of poverty. Exosystem Consequences One of the consequences of poverty is how people view those on social assistance. There is the common stigma that people on social assistance are abusing the system and that they are just lazy and do not wish to get a job, however that is not always the case. In some cases, the recipient of social assistant is someone who was a dependant and did not work or could not work and for a variety of reasons had to leave that dependant situation and needed financial support, but was not able to find a job immediately (Pulkingham, 2011). The portrayal of poverty in media is a consequence has a consequence on how poverty is viewed. The media has created this stereotype of the poor adolescent. They are always from the wrong side of the tracks, engage in immoral behaviour, get into a lot of fights and never excel in school or they are portrayed as dirty street children. For example, in the movie Slums of Beverly Hills, the characters are a poor family who must constantly move to avoid paying rent; the young female is not interested in school and is very promiscuous (Jenkins, 1998). Evidently, this inaccurate portrayal of poverty does not help with a childs self-esteem or to reduce bullying or encourage impoverished youth that they are capable of achieving great things. Another myth that has become the consequence of how people view poverty is the myth that people who use soup kitchens and food banks are homeless or jobless, when in reality many of the people accessing these facilities are working poor, who have jobs, and perhaps a home. They may be able to pay their rent, but their income is not sufficient enough to afford adequate food. Close to 7 million workers earn less than $ 20 000 per annum and 40% of impoverished children live in families where at least one parent is employed full-time year round. Parents have children to care for and sometimes that means they need to supplement their meals with food from a food bank or meals from a soup kitchen to make sure their children are fed (Poor No More, 2009). Next, a consequence of how people view poverty is the myth that poor children are less intelligent and not as successful as wealthier children. Although there is evidence that poorer children are more likely to struggle in school and that they will continue the cycle of poverty and that poverty is a risk factor for lower IQ, this is not always the case. Really, this depends on resilience. The more resilient and determined a child is, the more likely they will overcome their circumstances and excel in school and in life (Lisa Fiorentino, 2004). Although they may not have the same resources as a wealthy child, as long as they have a good support system and the determination to succeed no matter what obstacles are placed in front of them, they will break free from that stereotype. Yet another myth that exists is that poor people are always looking for handouts. This is actually very inaccurate; often families remain in poverty because they are too proud to ask for assistance which could be a perpetuating cause of poverty as well. Also, though they are poor they are far from helpless. Many people would be happy to offer their skills or work in return for support and would feel more fulfilled doing so (Poor No More, 2009). Some acknowledgement and treatment as an equal is often what the poor are looking for, not just spare change. The final myth that exists in our society is that poverty only happens in Africa, this. The overwhelming amount of support and publicity the poverty stricken continent receives is inspiring, however, servicing the local poor does not seem nearly as important to people. When we look at the private aid going overseas to relieve poverty and the amount of sponsorship and adoption of children in developing nations, it is significantly more that what is received locally. Fifteen per cent of Canadian children are living in poverty; that is approximately 100 thousand children (Fleury, 2008). 100 thousand children who need help, but are overlooked for children in developing countries. Poverty does happen in Canada. Macrosystem Causes A precipitating cause of poverty that has been highly publicized in recent years is the economy. Canada, along with nearly the entire rest of the world has felt the impact of an economic depression which has inflated prices, caused job loss and created a huge influx of people into social assistance. As previously discussed, cost of living, job loss and lack of resources are causes of poverty; an economic depression is the cause of all three, making poverty an issue on a supranational scale. Third world governments are obligated to compete with each other and with more dominant, developed nations. To attract investors, impoverished countries attempt to provide cheaper resources, goods and labour. This has only increased poverty (Shah, 2011). So, the economy has been an international cause of poverty. Additionally, war is a precipitating cause of poverty. War causes immense destruction and costs millions of dollars. There is destruction to systems such as social services and health care and resources are diluted and redirected from poverty relief to maintaining the war, as well as physical damage to buildings and belongings. This consequently results in poverty

Romeo And Juliet, An Affair To Remember And Moulin Rouge - the Path O :: essays research papers

The path of true love never did run smooth. Three such love stories from our time are ‘Romeo and Juliet’, ‘An Affair to Remember’ and the recent movie ‘Moulin Rouge’. These great well-known stories depict the path of true love littered with tragedy, other people trying to sabotage love and other disasters befalling the star-struck lovers. Nothing in love goes smoothly all the time, there are always hiccups along the way. This is the key factor that makes these stories and other great love stories, so popular and unforgettable. A story about true love is never complete without tragedy and troubles dogging the lovers’ every step. In the story ‘Romeo and Juliet’, two powerful families have feuded for generations. Romeo from one family falls in love with Juliet from the opposing family. Romeo and Juliet arrange secret meetings and then decide to get married. Wrongful accusations, misunderstandings and plots going awry plague the pair. The story ends with the very last misunderstanding where Romeo, believing Juliet to be dead when really sleeping, kills himself. Juliet wakens and seeing her lover dead, takes her own life. This story is one of the greatest love stories of all time. There would not be too many people who have not heard of it. The story would not be as popular if Romeo and Juliet met, their families made up, they married and lived happily ever after. We love the tragic element of this story. It makes us cry, it makes us feel deep emotions, it stirs up feelings like no other love story. The path of this true love is not smooth, but the path with its roughness and obstacles, seems to be the best way of showing the nobility and strength of true love. In the story ‘An Affair to Remember’, of the late fifties, two people meet on a cruise and fall in love. They decide to meet at the Empire State building in six months when they will both be free to pursue a life together. On that day the man, Nickie waits atop the Empire State building. Terry, the woman is rushing to get there but in her haste of looking up at the building is tragically run over and becomes a paraplegic. The man thinks that she does not love him so he becomes depressed and starts painting pictures and he paints one of her. She sees this painting and buys it.

How the study of stylistics can help improve one’s English Language Essay

Write an essay that discusses how the study of stylistics/language in literature can help improve one’s English language. (1500-2000 words) To answer the question of how stylistics improves one’s English language is to understand the question itself. The word ‘improves’ in the question entails that the person or student already has at least a basic knowledge and understanding of the English Language and he/she wants to make that knowledge better. There are many disciplines that learners of the English language can venture into to help them improve their literacy competence. One of those aforementioned disciplines is in fact: The study of language in literature or Stylistics. Hence, this is where stylistics as a branch of study from the main trunk of the English Language and Literature tree plays an alternative role in enhancing one’s English Language capabilities. This paper will attempt to explain the logics of how stylistics can help in improving students’ English with an analogy. Studying stylistics is just like the process of language learning and the subsequent discipline that comes with it. Language learning is particularly challenging for most people especially to those who are trying to acquire it at a later age. Just like any other language, the English Language requires the learner to read English books extensively, try their level best to understand the language with the help of teachers and dictionaries, and practice speaking the language as much as he/she can. In regards to this essay, there are several ways how the study of stylistics can help improve students’ English language. Firstly, stylistics enriches students’ ways of thinking about language. Secondly, it improves their skills of English and finally, stylistics propels students’ to act as a linguist and literary critic at the same time which in turn make them competent users of the language. Before diving into the content, one needs to comprehend the definition of stylistics first. Stylistics is understood as that part of linguistics, as Turner describes in Stylistics (1975), which concentrates on variation in the most conscious and complex uses of language in literature. According to A.J. Jassim, it is possible to say that stylistics means the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation which offers an area of contact between literary criticism and linguistics. Therefore one can define operationally that, the word â€Å"stylistics† is basically made up of the  components of â€Å"style† and â€Å"–istics† and that â€Å"style† refers to literary criticism and â€Å"–istics† refers the general make-up for the linguistic component of the study (2006). Now, moving onto the discussions, firstly, stylistics enriches students’ ways of thinking about language. It is universally acknowledged that language s erves many functions and one of it is to communicate meaningful expressions. In written text, language is seen, as Eifring and Theil asserts, a communicative system based upon words and the combination of words into sentences and this is known as linguistic communication (2005). One way how stylistics specifically plays a role in enriching students’ ways of thinking about language is for example, when poets write poetry, they are not writing it without their active consciousness of language. Sometimes, they deliberately incorporate deviations and parallelism in their works to serve a specific function. Through this ‘unconventional’ use of language, they are attempting to convey a deeper meaning within the text and most â€Å"Stylisticians† argue that only through stylistics, these literary devices can be observed, analysed and understood. Where some advocate extensive or authentic reading almost for its own sake, Hall explains (2007), as a result of which the language will be absorbed, the advocate of stylistics as a means to develo p language proficiency is committed to the value of conscious attention to details of linguistic features ‘foregrounded’ in a text, whether through ‘deviance’ of some kind, or simply as the consequence of repetitions, parallelism or other such salient patternings seen to contribute significantly to meaning. Students in turn become more sensitive in utilizing English especially when attempting to read and comprehend literature better. Secondly, stylistics improves students’ skills of the English Language. This is because in order to apply stylistic analysis or criticism on a literary text, students need to first master the language from the onset. This entails that students need to, as mentioned earlier, read extensively which in turn heightens their vocabulary and mental lexicon. They also need to understand the language very well; especially in regards to grammar and tenses. For all the arguments that are presented, it is rightfully so that students need to be competent users of the English Language so that they can apply their knowledge of grammar and lexicon in interpreting literary texts. This is because according to Katie Wales in A Dictionary of Stylistics (1990), the  goal of most stylistics is not simply to describe the formal features of texts for their own sake, but in order to show their functional significance for the interpretation of the text; or in order to relate literary effects to linguistic ’causes’ where these are felt to be relevant. This means the knowledge of grammar and tenses are very important elements for the student to get a strong grasp on because in some poetry, poets intentionally use deviations to foreground important features in their works. Researchers such as Van Peer (1986) have found that readers [or students] do indeed pick up on the smallest details of a text and use them to construct meaningful interpretations. A good example can be seen in the stylistic analysis of ‘(listen)’ taken from E. E. Cummings’ 1964 collection 73 Poems, of which it is number 63. The poem ‘(listen)’ is typical of Cummings’ style and contains striking irregularities of form in comparison to ‘traditional’ poetry. There is a high probability to those reading this poem, whom are not partial towards stylistics, will consider it as a complete mess and an overall ‘bad’ piece of poetry because of the strange use of punctuation and the seemingly odd structure of particular phrases. An excerpt of the poem is displayed below: (listen) this a dog barks and how crazily houses eyes people smiles faces streets steeples are eagerly tumbl ing through wonder ful sunlight – look – selves,stir:writhe o-p-e-n-i-n-g(line 1-12) One of the reasons for Cummings’ use of deviation is not simply for shock value, as Shaikh debates, and the linguistic choices he makes are by no means arbitrary (2012). In the past, some critics have even disregarded his  eccentric use of language, claiming that it is of no interpretative significance. What these critics overlooked and not aware of is that one will be able to explore and experience the beauty and depth of the poem hidden within the ‘mess’ once they apply stylistic criticism unto it. ‘(listen)’ is not a, for the most part, difficult poem to analyse in terms of the complexity of the subject matter. It is the process of making sense of the grammatical ‘mess’ in the text that is the sole source of ‘headache’. What is most challenging is to relate the various atypical stylistic features that Cummings’ has chosen to use to one’s overall interpretation of the text. Finally, stylistics propels studen ts to act as both linguists and literary critics at the same time. In fact, the purpose of stylistics is to be the bridge of linking the two disciplines: linguistics and literary criticism. Nevertheless, it is rather unfortunate as McIntyre (2012) states that since the emergence in the 1960s of English Language as a university subject in its own right, the relationship between the study of literature and the study of language has often been one of bitter rivalry (p. 1). Experts in the literary field criticize against the ‘cold’, ‘scientific’ approach that is adopted by linguistic scholars in their analysis of literary texts. At the same time, similar critical judgements are imposed by linguistic scholars towards literary experts because they are too subjective and vague in the analyses they produce. Despite the feud between the clashes of these two spheres of language studies, there lies exquisiteness when one can merge the two fields and use their respective theories and means of analyses to understand a literary text well . Since stylistics is neither pure linguistics nor sheer literary criticism, a stylistician is, thus, intended to act possibly as a linguist and as a literary critic as well. To link both, the job of the linguist and that of the literary critic, stylistics emerges as a connective means to demonstrate how the linguistic elements act significantly in a text to produce a communicable message. The function of stylistics is to help the reader stimulate, the significance of a literary text by analysing the interrelations between its linguistic items. This approach is essentially selective. It aims to identify the stylistically significant, or stylistically distinctive, features in a literary text and to study their function in the text as a whole. Stylistics occupies the middle ground between linguistics and literary criticism and  its function is to mediate between the two. In this role, its concerns necessarily overlap with those of the two disciplines. It is for this reason that stylistic analysis shades indiscernibly into literary appreciation. Therefore, literary analysis seeks the assistance of stylistic analysis which is of a complementary nature to it. Stylistic analysis usually seeks to identify what stimulates and guides the reader or listener in the literary work. But there is no specific and restricted technique to follow (Fairly, 1979). Despite it all, this act of propelling one to act as both linguist and literary critic stretches his or her potential to the maximum towards being a very competent user of English language hence whether they like it or not, it will improve their English. One needs practice a great deal so that they get the stylistic analysis On the grounds of how learning language is similar to how learning stylistics help can improve one’s Englis, as reiterated throughout this paper, both disciplines require the students to read extensively, understand and practice the skill in order to improve their language competency. In conclusion, with all the arguments which is presented in the above discussions, stylistics does help in improving one’s or students’ English language. Firstly, stylistics enriches students’ ways of thinking about language. Secondly, it improves their basic skills of the language and finally, stylistics propels students’ to act as a linguist and literary critic at the same time which in turn make them competent users of the English language. Students especially can use stylistics to sustain and defend an interpretation of a poem, or any literary texts for instance, and they can also use stylistics to highlight elements of a poem that we might otherwise fail to notice . References Abdul Jalil Jassim Hejal (2006) Stylistics : A contact between Linguistics and Literary Criticism. J. of Col. of Basic Education. Pdf. Web. Retrieved from: http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=69572 Eifring, Halvor & Theil, Rolf (2005). Linguistics for Students of Asian and African Languages. Pdf. Web. Retrieved from : http://www.uio.no/ Fairly, Irene R. (1979). â€Å"Experimental Approaches to Language in Literature: Reader Responses to Poems† in Style. Vol. 13 , no . 4 . Hall, Geoff. (2007) Stylistics in Second Language Contexts: A Critical Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan, New York Wales, Katie. A Dictionary of Stylistics. London: Longman, 1990. McIntyre, D. (2012). Linguistics and literature: stylistics as a tool for the literary critic (Vol. 1, pp. 1-11). SRC Working Papers. Naushad Umarsharif Shaikh. (2011) Role of Stylistics in Learning English as a Second Language. Pdf. Web. Retrieved from: http://www.languageinindia.com/aug2011/naushadstylisticslanguagelearning.pdf Turner , G.W. (1975). Stylistics. Benguin Books. London.

Predator Drones and Other Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

The Predator is a nickname given to one in a series of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or pilotless drones, operated by the Pentagon, the CIA and, increasingly, other agencies of the U.S. federal government such as the border patrol. Combat-ready UAVs are used mostly in the Middle East. The UAVs are equipped with sensitive camera and spying equipment that provides real-time reconnaissance or intelligence. It can be equipped with laser-guided missiles and bombs. The drones are used with increasing frequency in Afghanistan, Pakistans tribal areas and in Iraq. The Predator, officially identified as the Predator MQ-1, was the first--and remains the most commonly used--pilotless drone in combat operations in the Balkans, Southwest Asia, and the Middle East since its first flight in 1995. By 2003, the Pentagon had about 90 UAVs in its arsenal. Its unclear how many UAVs were in the CIAs possession. Many were and still are. The fleets are growing. The Predator itself has already entered the gallery of American lore. Advantages of UAVs Unmanned aerial vehicles, or UAVs, are smaller than jet aircraft, less expensive, and dont put pilots at risk when they crash. At about $22 million apiece for next-generation UAVs (the so-called Reaper and Sky Warrior), the drones are increasingly a weapon of choice for military planners. The Obama administrations 2010 military budget includes approximately $3.5 billion for UAVs. In comparison, the Pentagon is paying more than $100 million apiece for its next-generation fighter jets, the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (the Pentagon plans to buy 2,443 for $300 billion. While UAVs require considerable ground-based logistical support, they can be piloted by individuals specifically trained to fly UAVs rather than by pilots. Training for UAVs is less expensive and exacting than for jets. Disadvantages of UAVs The Predator has been publicly praised by the Pentagon as a versatile and low-risk means of gathering intelligence and striking targets. But an internal Pentagon report completed in October 2001 concluded that tests conducted in 2000 found that the Predator performed well only in daylight and in clear weather, according to the New York Times. It broke down too often, could not stay over targets as long as expected, often lost communication links in the rain and was hard to operate, the report said. According to the Project on Government Oversight, the Predator cannot be launched in adverse weather, including any visible moisture such as rain, snow, ice, frost or fog; nor can it take off or land in crosswinds of greater than 17 knots. By 2002, more than 40% of the Pentagons original fleet of Predators had crashed or been lost, in more than half those cases due to mechanical failure. The drones cameras are unreliable. Further, PGO concluded, Because it cannot evade radar detection, flies slow, is noisy, and must often hover at relatively low altitudes, the Predator is vulnerable to being shot down by enemy fire. In fact, an estimated 11 of the 25 Predators destroyed in crashes reportedly were caused by enemy ground fire or missiles. The drones do put people on the ground at risk when the planes malfunction and crash, which they do, and when they fire their missiles, often at the wrong targets). UAVs Uses In 2009, Federal Customs and Border Protection launched UAVs from an Air Force base in Fargo, N.D., to patrol the border between the United States and Canada. The first flight of the Predator in Afghanistan took place on Sept. 7, 2000. Several times it had Osama bin Laden in its sights, its weapons ready to fire. Then-CIA Director George Tenet refused to authorize the strikes either for fear of killing civilians or of the political fallout from a missile that didnt hit its target. Various Types of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles The Predator B, or MQ-9 Reaper, for example, a turboprop drone built by General Dynamics subsidiary General Atomics Aeronautical Systems Inc., can fly at 50,000 feet for up to 30 hours on a single fueling (its fuel tanks have a 4,000-lb. capacity). It can cruise at a maximum speed of 240 miles per hour and carry almost 4,000 pounds of laser-guided bombs, missiles, and other ordnance. The Sky Warrior is smaller, with a weapons payload of four Hellfire missiles. It can fly at a maximum of 29,000 feet and at 150 miles per hour, for 30 hours on a single fuel tank. Northrop Grumman is developing the RQ-4 Global Hawk UAV. The plane, which completed its first flight in March 2007, has a wingspan of 116 feet (about half that of a Boeing 747), a payload of 2,000 pounds and can fly at a maximum altitude of 65,000 feet and at more than 300 miles per hour. It can cruise between 24 and 35 hours on one tank of fuel. An earlier version of the Global Hawk was approved for use in Afghanistan as far back as 2001. Insitu Inc., a Boeing subsidiary, also builds UAVs. Its ScanEagle is an extremely small flying machine noted for its stealthiness. It has a wingspan of 10.2 feet and is 4.5 feet long, with a maximum weight of 44 pounds. It can fly at an altitude of up to 19,000 feet for more than 24 hours. Chang Industry, Inc., of La Verne, Calif., markets a five-pound aircraft with a four-foot wing and a unit cost of $5,000.